后掠翼三维鼓包串激波控制参数的影响

针对跨声速后掠翼,三维鼓包串作为一种有效的减阻方式具有结构简单、高效及鲁棒性好等优点.利用全局优化算法探索了鼓包设计参数空间的整体特性,并对鼓包长度、三维鼓包展向设计参数对鼓包减阻效果的影响进行了研究,发现鼓包顶点位置和高度对阻力系数最敏感,三维鼓包的展向设计参数则对阻力系数不敏感,而鼓包长度和鼓包相对展长越长越有利于减阻.在此基础上开展了小后掠角自然层流机翼加3种不同类型鼓包串的优化研究,通过优化结果发现,增加优化后的三维鼓包串,可将小后掠角自然层流机翼阻力发散马赫数向后推移,并且鼓包平均长度和控制区越大,效果越好.三维鼓包串具有良好的局部控制特性,可用于局部较强激波的抑制.三维鼓包串对常规后掠翼波阻具有良好的控制效果,同时能够抑制激波诱导的机翼后缘气流分离.      

Design and implementation of rigid-flexible coupling for a half-flexible single jack nozzle

The aerodynamic design of a rigid-flexible coupling profile is the decisive factor for the flow-field quality of a supersonic free jet wind tunnel nozzle, and its mechanic dynamic features are the key for engineering implementation of continuous Mach number regulations. To fulfill the requirements of a free jet inlet/engine compatibility test within a wide simulation envelop, both uni-form flow-fields of continuous acceleration and deceleration are necessary. In this paper, the aero-dynamic design methods of an expansion wall and machinery implementation plan for the half-flexible single jack nozzle were researched. The profile control in nozzle flexible plate design was studied with a rigid-flexible coupling method. Design and calculations were performed with the help of numerical simulation. The technique of axial free stretching of the flexible plate was used to improve the matching performance between the designed elasticity profile and the theoretical one, and the rigid-flexible coupling structure was calibrated by wind tunnel tests. Results indicate that the flexible plate aerodynamic design method used here is effective and feasible. Via rigid-flexible coupling design, the flexible plate agrees with the rigid body very well, and continuous Mach number changes can be achieved during the tests. The nozzle’s exit flow-field uniformity meets the requirements of China Military Standard (GJB).     

唇口几何参数对短舱进气道性能影响数值研究

针对下一代民用涡扇发动机短舱长径比不断缩小的发展趋势,为改善发动机进口气流参数分布不均、改善进气道的流场结构、提高其气动性能,开展了进气道唇口关键几何参数对短舱进气道流动特性影响的研究。通过CFD数值模拟方法研究了进气道收缩比、唇口超椭圆指数以及唇口超椭圆长短轴比对短舱进气道性能的影响。研究发现,这三个设计参数改变时,均会对进气道性能产生直接的影响,对畸变指数的影响最明显,其中收缩比改变的影响最大,当收缩比每改变0.025,畸变指数的变化率最大可达到50%。进口收缩比的改变影响喉道截面的流动,超椭圆指数变化影响了进口前缘曲率的变化,而超椭圆长短轴比变化影响了进气道唇口内型面的曲率;超椭圆长短轴比越大,超椭圆指数越小,收缩比越大,唇口初始压力损失越大,壁面摩擦损失越大,进气道总压恢复系数越低,畸变程度越高。     

压气机转子叶片的抑颤设计(“两机”专刊)

以一高压压气机转子叶片为对象开展了叶片抑颤工程设计方法研究,采用基于相位延迟边界条件的能量法和特征值法对原转子叶片模型的气动弹性稳定性进行评估,通过分析近失速工况下的非定常气动功密度分布,对叶片安装角沿径向分布、弦长和叶尖间隙等设计参数进行调整,以明确各参数对气动弹性稳定性的影响,最终达到提高气动阻尼的目的。研究结果表明：叶尖间隙对气动阻尼的影响较大,安装角次之,弦长影响相对较小。叶片气动阻尼随叶尖间隙的变化并非单调,而是存在一个叶尖间隙使其气动阻尼最小,即叶片气动弹性稳定性最差。减小进口气流攻角和增加折合频率,能够提高气动阻尼,设计中可以通过调节安装角来减小气流攻角,增加弦长来增大折合频率。     

翼吊短舱形式发动机安装效应的风洞试验研究

为了确定实际飞行使用条件下,发动机状态变化时,进排气系统损失对飞机气动特性的影响,本文针对翼吊短舱形式的发动机开展了缩比模型风洞试验,分别进行了基本构型与起飞构型下,马赫数0.1、0.15、0.2,攻角0°~15°变化,5种不同发动机状态条件下的风洞试验,通过数据分析,明确了该类型发动机推/阻力划分的基本方法,分析了发动机状态变化时飞机气动特性的改变及修正方法。风洞试验结果表明：发动机状态变化对飞机升阻特性影响明显,飞机设计研发阶段不能仅对短舱通流模型,或单一发动机状态下的动力短舱模型进行损失修正,必须建立合理的推/阻划分体系,对实际使用条件下,发动机状态变化引起的进排气损失进行修正。     

Advances in critical technologies for hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnel

Hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels and their measurement techniques are the cornerstone of the hypersonic flight era that is a dream for human beings to fly faster, higher and further. The great progress has been achieved during the recent years and their critical technologies are still in an urgent need for further development. There are at least four kinds of hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels that are widely applied over the world and can be classified according to their operation modes. These wind tunnels are named as air-directly-heated hypersonic wind tunnel, light-gas-heated shock tunnel, free-piston-driven shock tunnel and detonation-driven shock tunnel, respectively. The critical technologies for developing the wind tunnels are introduced in this paper, and their merits and weakness are discussed based on wind tunnel performance evaluation. Measurement techniques especially developed for high-enthalpy flows are a part of the hypersonic wind tunnel technology because the flow is a chemically reacting gas motion and its diagnosis needs specially designed instruments. Three kinds of the measurement techniques considered to be of primary importance are introduced here, including the heat flux sensor, the aerodynamic balance, and optical diagnosis techniques. The techniques are developed usually for conventional wind tunnels, but further improved for hypersonic and high-enthalpy tunnels. The hypersonic ground test facilities have provided us with most of valuable experimental data on high-enthalpy flows and will play a more important role in hypersonic research area in the future. Therefore, several prospects for developing hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels are presented from our point of view.     

共轴式直升机桨毂阻力特性与减阻试验

共轴式直升机桨毂阻力占全机废阻的50%以上,因此有必要对桨毂阻力特性和减阻设计进行研究。 通过对某共轴式直升机桨毂模型、减阻方案及减阻方案加装涡流发生器进行风洞试验,研究轴式直升机桨毂的 阻力特性,验证减阻方案及减阻方案加装涡流发生器的减阻效果。结果表明:桨毂支臂方位角、转速和攻角变 化对桨毂及其减阻方案的阻力影响很小;上下桨毂整流罩与中间轴整流罩之间的缝隙对阻力影响比较大;减阻 方案可以降低约33%的桨毂阻力,而加装涡流发生器的减阻效果并不明显。     

翼尖装置优化设计研究

使用面元法气动分析软件VSAERO对机翼与翼梢小翼组合体模型进行数值模拟,并采用Steve Smith提出的诱导阻力优化方法对翼梢小翼的定位进行优化设计。结果表明,能够有效地预测出翼梢小翼的最优定位,在翼梢小翼优化设计中具有很好的适用性。     

简化微小液滴在超声速气流横向喷射中的运动探索

从研究超声速气流中简化液滴(刚性小球)的气动力着手,比较分析使用CFD方法与使用两相流理论中已有的颗粒阻力系数模型得到的简化液滴气动力结果,得出Charles B.Henderson给出的阻力系数经验关系式适用于计算简化液滴在超声速气流中的运动。进一步,对不同直径简化液滴的运动开展工程方法的计算。在来流Ma=2.7的二维平板超声速流场中选取一个截面,作为气相流场,结果显示:(1)简化液滴与主气流存在相对超声速运动,当简化液滴直径dk≤0.12mm时,纵向相对超声速运动区域约为0.15m~0.4m,当dk0.12mm时,作用区域明显增大;(2)以10m/s喷射出的简化液滴,其横向穿透深度与纵向运动距离比约为0.004m/1m~0.021m/1m;(3)以100m/s的速度喷射出的30~120μm直径简化液滴,其横向穿透深度与纵向运动距离比约为0.02m/1m~0.055m/1m,实际过程中,小尺寸简化液滴的汽化很快,其穿透深度很小。     

风力机组叶片的先进翼型族设计

大型风力机组叶片设计需要专用的翼型族,以满足风力机组运行的环境要求。高升阻比、低粗糙度影响是该翼型族的气动性能特点。为了发展我国具有自主知识产权的风力机专用翼型族,在科技部863项目的支持下,北京航空航天大学联合国内气动研究单位,通过理论分析、数值模拟和风洞试验等技术途径,开发了两个适用于大型风力机组叶片的先进翼型族。理论分析和风洞试验表明,设计结果基本达到了预先设定的气动性能指标。